High-throughput sequencing technologies：High

The human genome sequence was completed in draft form in 2001 (Lander et al., 2001[1]; Venter et al., 2001[2]). Shortly thereafter, the genome sequences of several model organisms were determined (Chinwalla et al., 2002[3]; Gibbs et al., 2004[4]; The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2005[5]). These feats were accomplished with Sanger DNA sequencing, which was limited in throughput and high cost; indeed the first human genome sequence was estimated to cost 0.5–1 billion dollars. These limitations reduced the potential of DNA sequencing for other applications, such as personal genome sequencing. Following the release of the “finished” human genome (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2004[6]), the National Human Genome Research Institute (NGHRI) created a 70 million dollar DNA sequencing technology initiative aimed at achieving a $1000 human genome in ten years (Schloss, 2008[7]), and a flurry of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technol...